(2026) Science and education, 1, 94-102. Odessa.
Kinga Golubińska,
Graduate student,
Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdańsk,
prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland,
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3243-4006
Ren Płoszaj,
Graduate student,
Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdańsk,
prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland,
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9812-0067
Laura Piecha,
Graduate student,
Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdańsk,
prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland,
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3545-8755
Piotr Kowzan,
PhD, Assistant Professor,
Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdańsk
prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-8327
Daria Braszko,
Graduate student,
Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdańsk,
prof. Marii Janion 3, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland,
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6059-7315
COGNITIVE CARTOGRAPHY: MAPPING STUDENT NOTE-TAKING ACROSS DISCIPLINES
SUMMARY:
We qualitatively examined student note-taking across engineering, medical, and social sciences to understand how artifacts reflect disciplinary epistemologies. Using completed notes (n = 17 students; 617 pages) and brief elicitation interviews, we analysed cognitive structuring, affective/aesthetic cues, and social affordances. Engineering notes were linear and monochrome, optimised for application and exams; medical notes relied on schematic icons and comparative tables for memorisation; socialscience notes showed the widest variety, including humour, mind maps, and collaborative artefacts that supported reflection. We do not assess learning outcomes; rather, we interpret note-taking as information practices and extended cognition. Findings suggest that instruction should move beyond uniform, reproduction-based habits towards adaptive strategies that align with disciplinary demands whilst supporting metacognition and collaborative sense-making. We provide implications for teaching note-taking as a transferable, lifelong skill.
KEYWORDS:
note-taking, mind mapping, disciplinary epistemologies, information practices, extended cognition, higher education
FULL TEXT:
REFERENCES:
2. Barta, A., Fodor, L.A., Tamas, B., Szamoskozi, I. (2022). The development of students critical thinking abilities and dispositions through the concept mapping learning method – A meta-analysis, Educational Research Review, 37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100481 [in English].
3. Blaschke, L. M. (2012). Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i1.1076 [in English].
4. Braszko, D., Golubińska, K., Kierbedź, N., Płoszaj, R., Piecha, L., Kowzan, P. (2025). Kognitywna Kartografia: Mapowanie Studenckich Strategii Notowania we Wczesnej Edukacji [Cognitive Cartography: Mapping Student Note-Taking Strategies in Early Childhood Education]. Parezja, 23(1), 101–111. http://dx-.doi.org/10.15290/parezja.2025.23.09 [in Polish].
5. Buzan, T. (2004). Mind Maps for Kids. Wydawnictwo: Thorsons [in English].
6. Buzan, T. (2007). Genialna pamięć [Brilliant memory]. Wydawnictwo JK [in Polish].
7. Buzan, T., & Buzan, B. (1993). The Mind Map Book: How to Use the Radiant Thinking to Maximize Your Brain’s Untapped Potential. Londyn: Penguin Books Ltd [in English].
8. Cañas, A. J., Reiska, P., & Möllits, A. (2017). Developing higher-order thinking skills with concept mapping: A case of pedagogic frailty. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 9(3), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2017.09.021 [in English].
9. Chen, X., Ruan, K., Ju, K. P., Yap, N., & Wang, X. (2025). More AI Assistance Reduces Cognitive Engagement: Examining the AI Assistance Dilemma in AI-Supported Note-Taking. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(7), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3757632 [in English].
10. Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7 [in English].
11. Ditzler, L., Klerkx, L., Chan-Dentoni, J., et al. (2018). Affordances of agricultural systems analysis tools: A review and framework to enhance tool design and implementation. Agricultural Systems, 164, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.03.006 [in English].
12. Gębuś, D. (2014). Zastosowanie map myśli w procesie dydaktycznym: Mindmapping a weryfikacja efektów kształcenia z zakresu edukacyjnej analizy transakcyjnej [The Use of Mind Maps in the Teaching Process. Mindmapping and the Verification of the Effects of Education in the Area of Educational Transactional Analysis]. Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna, (3), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.16926/eat.2014.03.08 [in Polish].
13. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin [in English].
14. Gryboś, M. (2021). Notatka na lekcjach języka polskiego: (nie)obecność – perspektywy – twórczość [Notes on Polish language lessons: (absence) – perspectives – creativity]. Dydaktyka Polonistyczna, nr 7(16)2021, s. 158–172. https://doi.org/10.15584/dyd.pol.16.2021.12 [in Polish].
15. Hyerle, D. (2009). Visual tools for transforming information into knowledge (2nd ed.). Corwin Press [in English].
16. Illeris, K. (2003). Three Dimensions of Learning: Contemporary learning theory in the tension field between the cognitive, the emotional and the social. Malabar, Florida: Krieger [in English].
17. Kaczor, A. (2020). Zastosowanie mapy myśli w pracy z dziećmi w wieku wczesnoszkolnym [Using mind mapping in work with early school age children]. Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język, 12, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.19251/sej/2020.12(7) [in Polish].
18. Kanapathy, S., binti Hamuzan, H. A., Menon, P., & Woon, Y. H. (2022). Gifted and Talented Students “Underachievement” and Intervention: A Case Study. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 3(5), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.5.453 [in English].
19. Kinchin, I. M., Möllits, A., & Reiska, P. (2019). Uncovering types of knowledge in concept maps. Education Sciences, 9(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020131 [in English].
20. Kowalikowa, J. (2012). Notatka uczniowska jako tekst edukacyjny [Student notes as an educational text]. Postscriptum Polonistyczne, 2(10), 137–148. https://journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/PPol/article/view/10587 [in Polish].
21. Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki [MEN] [Ministry of Education and Science]. (n.d.). Kilka rad dla czwartoklasistów: Jak napisać dobrą notatkę [Some tips for fourth graders: How to write a good note]. Zintegrowana Platforma Edukacyjna. https://zpe.gov.pl/a/kilka-rad-dla-czwartoklasistow-jak-napisac-dobra-notatke/DSzhSf63Z [in Polish].
22. Polat, Ö., Sezer, T., & Akyol, N. A. (2022). Collaborative Learning with Mind Mapping in the Development of Social Skills of Children. Participatory Educational Research, 9(1), 463-480. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.25.9.1 [in English].
23. Radomski, Andrzej. 2019. O zastosowaniu map myśli w nauce i edukacji [On the use of mind maps in science and education]. Kultura i Historia, nr 36, 1–16 [in Polish].
24. Sweller, J. (2024). Cognitive load theory and individual differences. Learning and Individual Differences, 110, 102423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102423 [in English].
25. Willingham, D. T. (2008). Critical Thinking: Why Is It So Hard to Teach? Arts Education Policy Review, 109(4), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3200/AEPR.109.4.21-32 [in English].
26. Yueh-Ren, H., Bao-Yu, C., Chien-Ming, L., & Edward Gao-Yi, C. (2023). The distance between the humanities and medicine: Building a critical thinking mindset by interdisciplinary dialogue through mind mapping. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 50, Article 101420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101420 [in English].
27. Zahedi, M., & Heaton, L. (2016). Mind mapping as a tool, as a process, as a problem/solution space. In DS 83: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE16), Design Education: Collaboration and Cross-Disciplinarity, Aalborg, Denmark, 8th-9th September 2016 (pp. 166–171) [in English].
28. Zhong, H., Han, Z., & Hansen, P. (2022). A systematic review of information practices research. Journal of Documentation, 79(1), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-02-2022-0044 [in English].























